來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò )資源 作者:中考網(wǎng)整理 2020-03-17 18:24:31
除此之外,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話(huà),那么,所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱(chēng)單數現在時(shí)的時(shí)候,沒(méi)有詞形變化,即其詞尾無(wú)-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非限定形式,即沒(méi)有不定式和分詞形式,也沒(méi)有相應的動(dòng)名詞:
Still, she needn t have run away.
5) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區別的主要標志。在不少場(chǎng)合,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的現在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)形式都可以表示現在、過(guò)去或將來(lái)時(shí)間:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現一個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)卻可以與have和be基本助動(dòng)詞連用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn t be reading a novel.
用法
首先它是動(dòng)詞,而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞,行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通過(guò)行為來(lái)表達的動(dòng)作(如寫(xiě),讀,跑),而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。
用法是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞原形
例句:I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英語(yǔ)讀這句話(huà)。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的情緒,態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨作謂語(yǔ),只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構成謂語(yǔ)。
We can be there on time tomorrow.
我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。
May I have your name?
我能知道你的名字嗎?
Shall we begin now?
我們現在就開(kāi)始嗎?
You must obey the school rules.
你必須遵守校規。
功能
助動(dòng)詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類(lèi):基本助動(dòng)詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(modal auxiliary)。
基本助動(dòng)詞有三個(gè):do, have和be;
情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有十三個(gè):may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述兩類(lèi)助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí),具有作用詞的功能:
1) 構成否定式:
He didn t go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o clock.
2) 構成疑問(wèn)式或附加疑問(wèn)式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven t you?
3) 構成修辭倒裝:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
用法要點(diǎn)
can, could
1) 表示能力(體力、知識、技能)。
Can you lift this heavy box?(體力)
Mary can speak three languages.(知識)
Can you skate?(技能)
此時(shí)可用be able to代替。Can只有一般現在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去式;而be able to則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
當表示“經(jīng)過(guò)努力才得以做成功某事”時(shí)應用be able to,不能用Can。
如:He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
2) 表示請求和允許。
Can I go now?
Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此時(shí)可與may互換。在疑問(wèn)句中還可用could,might代替,不是過(guò)去式,只是語(yǔ)氣更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答語(yǔ)中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客觀(guān)可能性(客觀(guān)原因形成的能力)。
They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推測(驚訝、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度),用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和感嘆句中。
Can this be true?
This can’t be done by him.
How can this be true?
特別說(shuō)明:
(1) could用來(lái)表示請求時(shí),語(yǔ)氣委婉,主要用于疑問(wèn)句,不能用于肯定句,答語(yǔ)應用can(即:could不能用于現在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中)。
Could I use your dictionary?
Yes, you can.(否定回答可用:No, I’m afraid not.)
此時(shí)可與may互換。在疑問(wèn)句中還可用could,might代替,不是過(guò)去式,只是語(yǔ)氣更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答語(yǔ)中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
(2) can和be able to辨析
can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力,意思上沒(méi)有區別。但can只有現在式和過(guò)去式,而be able to則有更多的形式。
如:
I’ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.
Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you’ll be able to carry them on your own?
但是,表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)的某一場(chǎng)合經(jīng)過(guò)一番努力,終于做成了某事,通常不用could,而用was/were able to來(lái)表示。could:有潛能,但并未做到,這時(shí)was/were able to相當于managed to do或succeed in doing。
如:
After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.
I can sing many English songs.
我會(huì )唱許多英文歌曲。
We were able to return to our campsite before the heavy rain.
我們在下大雨前設法會(huì )到了野營(yíng)地。
He was able to swim across the river and escaped being caught.
他游到了河對岸,沒(méi)有被抓住。
在否定句中,can/could與be able t幾乎沒(méi)有什么差別,兩者可以互換。例如:
She wasn’t able to/couldn’t cook French dishes.
她不會(huì )做法國菜。
(3) 慣用形式“can not …too…”表示“無(wú)論怎么……也不(過(guò)分)”。
如:
You cannot be too careful.
你越小心越好。
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