由 had 加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構成。

例句：

She said she had never been to Paris. 她說(shuō)她從未去過(guò)巴黎。

When the police arrived,the thieves had run away. 警察到達時(shí)，小偷們早就跑了。

By the time he was twelve,Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。

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